The Fourth Heart Sound

The apical A wave versus the fourth heart sound in assessing the severity of aortic stenosis.

The height of the "a" wave of the apexcardiogram was evaluated as a marker for critical aortic stenosis in patients over 40. Critical aoritc stenosis was defined as an aortic valve area less than .75 cm-2 with no more than mild aortic insufficiency. Phonocardiograms and apexcardiograms were performed on 72 patients with catheterization proven aortic stenosis and on 14 normal controls, all over ...

Fourth sound of holographic superfluids

We compute fourth sound for superfluids dual to a charged scalar and a gauge field in an AdS4 background. For holographic superfluids with condensates that have a large scaling dimension (greater than approximately two), we find that fourth sound approaches first sound at low temperatures. For condensates that a have a small scaling dimension it exhibits non-conformal behavior at low temperatur...

Recording of the fourth heart sound by the signal averaging method. Preliminary report.

The fourth heart sound was clearly recorded by using the signal averaging method. Furthermore, the simultaneous recording of the Doppler signal with the fourth heart sound was performed. Thus, it was demonstrated that the Doppler signal started after the P wave and followed by the fourth heart sound. In 2 cases, the effect of the double Master's test and taking a bath was studied on the compute...

Hemodynamic-phonocardiographic correlations of the fourth heart sound in aortic stenosis.

Systolic atrial sounds during atrioventricular dissociation: the "wandering" fourth heart sound.

The fourth heart sound consists of low frequency vibrations which are heard in presystole during sinus rhythm. Fourth heart sounds have been described during various phases of diastole in subjects with ventricular pacemakers, by virtue of complete atrioventricular dissociation and/or block.’ Although such sounds are commonly heard during diastole, there has not been adequate emphasis on their o...